Reference List Guide

REFERENCES RULES

General requirements for references compilation

The number of sources. In general, the number of cited works: in original articles it is recommended from 25 (at least a third of them are foreign publications), in reviews — up to 60 sources (in agreement with the editorial board, this number can be increased — if it is objectively necessary).

Type of sources. It is recommended to refer to primary sources and NOT to secondary sources. In References you should not refer to such materials as: unpublished works, state documents (government resolutions, laws, etc.), historical documents, newspaper articles — it is preferable to make references to them in the form of page-by-page footnotes.

References to dissertations and author's abstracts are not recommended, instead, works published by these authors (articles from scientific journals, conference materials, monographs, etc., published, as a rule, before the publication of the dissertation) should be indicated.

The order of source presentation. References are given at the end of the paper.

The volume and sequence of information in References:

The source list in References should be presented only in Latin letters. In order to indicate references to Russian sources (and sources in other languages that do not use the Roman alphabet), you should use TRANSLITERATION and TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH.

When transliterating, it is recommended to use the BSI standard (British Standard Institute, UK). In order to transliterate text in accordance with the BSI standard, you can use the link http://ru.translit.ru/?account=bsi.

General rules for Russian scientific literature:

for books — surname and initials of the author (transliteration), year of publication (in brackets), full title of book (transliteration), the title of a book in English (in square brackets), volume or issue (if any), place of publication in English, publisher (transliterate);

for articles in periodicals — surname and initials of the author (transliteration), year in brackets, title of the article (transliteration), title of the article in English (in square brackets), the full name of the journal (transliteration, it is necessary to check the periodical's website), name of the journal in the English language in brackets (it is necessary to check the website of the journal), volume (issue), first and last pages of the article, doi;

for articles (chapters) in the nonperiodical publications (books) —surname and initials of the author (transliteration), year in brackets, title of the article (chapter) (transliteration), title of the article (chapter) is in English, full title of the book (transliteration), title of a book in English (in square brackets), the place of publication in English, publisher, first and last page of the article (chapter);

for theses and reports of conferences (seminars, workshops) — surname and initials of the author (transliteration), year in brackets, title of the report (transliteration), title of the report in English (in square brackets), full name of the theses compendium or conference proceedings (transliteration), name of a compendium in the English language, date and venue of the conference, volume, number (issue), first and last page of the thesis or report;

electronic publications — surname and initials of the author (if any) (transliteration), year in brackets, title of the publication (transliteration), the title of a book in English, the name of the resource (if available), electronic address (URL), access date.

  • Number of authors. The bibliographic description of each source should include ALL the AUTHORS. If a publication has more than 6 authors, after the 6th author it is necessary to put the abbreviation "..., et al.". Attention! A comma separating the last author's name and "et al." is obligatory.
  • Titles and abbreviations. It is not allowed to shorten (or change in another way) names of articles and journals. Names of English journals can be given in the official abbreviation. In order to find the correct abbreviated journal name, you can use the CAS Source Index, the WorldCat library, or the Web of Science (ISI) catalog, or the MedLine Database Names Catalog (NLM Catalog). If the official abbreviation of the journal name can not be found — you should indicate its full name.
  • DOI. In all cases where a cited material has a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), it must be indicated at the very end of the bibliographic reference. Check the existence of the DOI of the source on the website http://search.crossref.org/или https://www.citethisforme.com. In order to get the DOI, fill the name of the source in English in the search bar. Additionally to the DOI, the website automatically generates a properly arranged bibliographic description of the article in English in the style of the Harvard citation. The vast majority of foreign journal articles since 2000 and many Russian- articles (published after 2013) are registered in the CrossRef system and have the unique DOI.

Rules of source description in references

Since data on publications of Russian authors need to be correctly represented in global reference and analytic databases on scientific research (SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, etc.), it is necessary to observe certain rules when presenting bibliographies in Latin in the section "References".

In References sources are listed in alphabetical order (if there are several authors, you should focus on the last name of the first author).

If authors are bearing the same family name, their initials should be taken into account when listing them in alphabetical order.

If works of different years are cited, but of the same author, they are placed in the list of references in chronological order (from the earlier to the latest publication).

If different works of the same author with the same publication year are cited, they are arranged in alphabetical order according to the title of these works.

Output data. Bibliographic descriptions should be compiled in the style of Harvard in the version of Imperial College London (http://www.imperial.ac.uk/admin-services/library/learning-support/reference-management/harvard-style/your-reference-list/). In order to describe a publication date, volume, issue of a periodical and pages where a reference source is published, use the abbreviated note format (see examples below).

Punctuation:

- In References the punctuation marks prescribed by GOST "//", "/", "–", —  should not be used, they should be replaced with commas and dots.

- When indicating full name of authors, initials should be placed after the last name. A comma is placed after the author's last name.

- The initials of the author must be separated by a SPACE character and a dot from each other.

- Authors should be separated by a comma.

- After the initials the year of publication is indicated in parentheses, no dots are placed.

- The title of the publication should be separated from the rest of the link by a dot.

- The name of the publication (book, scientific journal) should be written in italics.

- When specifying the date of publication, place, publisher or other output data, the punctuation should correspond to the examples below.

 Translation and transliteration

  • If the article you are citing is written in the Latin alphabet (in English, German, Spanish, Italian, Finnish, Danish and other languages that use the Roman alphabet), reference to it should be given in the original language of publication. Example (article in a German magazine in German): Janzen, G., & Hawlik, M. (2005) Orientierung im Raum: Befunde zu Entscheidungspunkten. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 213 (4), 179–186. (In German)
  • If the article is written in Cyrillic (including Russian), hieroglyphics, etc., it is necessary to provide an OFFICIAL TRANSLATION or perform the translation into English by yourself (paraphrase) - for titles of the articles. For books, it is necessary in this case to provide transliteration into Latin and translation of title into English. At the end of the description specify the language of the publication in parentheses.
  • Transliteration standard. When transliterating it is recommended to use the BSI standard (British Standard Institute, UK). In order to transliterate the text in accordance with the BSI standard, you can use the link http://ru.translit.ru/?account=bsi.
  • Full names of authors and editors. The names and initials of all authors in Latin should be given in the link as they are given in the original publication. If the authors' full names were already given in the original publication in Latin, then this version should be indicated in the link to the article (regardless of the transliteration system used in the original source). If in official sources (on the journal's website, in databases, including in eLibrary) full names of authors are not given in Latin, you should transliterate them by yourself according to the BSI standard.
  • Title of the publication. If the work you cite has an official translation into English or an English version of the title (it should be searched on the journal's website, in databases, including in eLibrary), you should specify it. If the official sources do not provide the title of the publication in Latin, you should translate it into English by yourself (paraphrase).
  • Name of the publication (journal). Some non-English scientific publications (journals) have an official "parallel" name in English in addition to the name in their native language. Thus, for the Reference list in the link to an article from a Russian-language journal you should specify either the transliterated name of the journal or the translated one. Translated title of the journal you can take either from the official website of the journal (or use the correct spelling of the English titles of the cited articles), or check it in the database, for example, in the CAS Source Index, WorldCat library catalog or Web of Science (ISI), catalog of MedLine (NLM Catalog) database. If the journal does not have an official name in English, the BSI transliteration should be included in References. You should not translate the names of the journal by yourself.
  • Place of publication. The place of the publication in the links should always be indicated in English and in full-not in transliteration and without abbreviations. So, Moscow is not "Moskva" and "M.:", Saint Petersburg is not "Saint Petersburg" and "SPb".
  • Name of the publisher. Unlike the place of publication, the name of the publisher for links in References should only be transliterated (except extremely rare cases when the publisher has a parallel official English-language name).
  • The identifier of the language. If the publication you are citing in References is not originally in English (if you have translated the title of the publication and translated / transliterated the source name to make a link in References) - at the very end of the link after specifying the page range in parentheses indicate the ID of the language in which the original source is written. For references to Russian-language sources, for example, use the phrase "(in Russian)".

Examples of sources description in References

Monographs

In Russian

Sample of the source description: 

Author, A. A. (in transliteration) (Year of publication) Title (in italics), [Name in English], publisher, city, country. (in Russian).

In foreign languages

Sample of the source description: 

Author, A. A. (in transliteration) (Year of publication) Title (in italics), publisher, city, country.

Monographs:

  • Parsons, T. (1998) Sistema sovremennykh obshchestv [The System of Modern Societies]. Moscow: Aspect press. (in Russian).
  • Easton, D.A. (1965) Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
  • Guehenno, J. (1995) The End of the Nation State. London: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Gray, C. (2012) The philosophy of law. New York, Routledge.
  • Merryman, J. & Pérez Perdomo, R. (2007) The civil law tradition. Stanford, Calif, Stanford Univ. Press.

Collaborative monographs:

  • Bocharov, T.Y., & Moiseeva, Y.N. (2017) Byt’ advokatom v Rossii: sotsiologicheskoye issledovanie professii [Being a Lawyer in Russia: Sociological Study of the Profession]. 2nd ed. Saint Petersburg: Publishing House of European University in Saint Petersburg. (in Russian).
  • Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J. (1999) Contents and Introduction in Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Second or later edition:

  • Antonetti, G. (2003) Histoire contemporaine, politique et sociale, 9e éd.Presses universitaires de France, Coll. Droit fundamental, Paris, France.
  • Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating an agreement, 3nd ed., Century Business, London, UK.

Monographs of one author wih different years of publication:

  • Parsons, T. (2002a) O sotsialnykh sistemakh [About Social Systems]. Мoscow: Akademicheskiy proekt. (in Russian). 
  • Parsons, T. (2002b) O structure sotsialnogo deystviya [About The Structure of Social Action]. Мoscow: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2002. (in Russian). 

No author:

  • The University Encyclopedia (1985) Roydon, London, UK.

The Russian-language monograph which does not have the English version of the title:

  • Kalashnikov, G. O. (2007) Sliyanie i pogloshchenie kompanii po pravu Evropeiskogo soyuza[Mergers and Acquisitions of Companies according to the European Union Law]. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya publ. (in Russian).
  • Abashidze, A. Kh. & Koneva, A. E. (2015) Dogovornye organy po pravam cheloveka[The Human Rights of Treaty Bodies]. Moscow, PFUR publ. (in Russian).

Book chapter:

  • Randall, L. (2012) Peace Treaties and the Formation of International Law. In: Fassbender, B., Peters, A. & Peter, S. (eds.) The Oxford handbook of the history of international law. Oxford, United Kindom, Oxford University Press, pp. 71–94.

Edited book:

Sample of the source description: 

Author, A. A. (in transliteration) (Year of publication) Title (in italics, in transliteration), [Original name of the book], in Editor, A. A. (ed.), publisher, city, country. (in Russian).

One or more editors:

  • Sorokin, P.A. (1992) Sotsiologicheskiy etud ob osnovnykh formakh obshchestvennogo povedenia i morali[Sociological Etude about the Main Forms of Social Behavior and Morality]. In: Sogomonov, A.U. (ed.).  Society. Moscow: Politizdat, pp. 32–156.
  • Killian, J. H. & Beck, L. E. (eds.) (1987) The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. 

Papers under general editorship:

  • Volkov, V.V. (ed.) (2011) Pravo i pravoprimeneniye v Rossii: mezhdisciplinarniye issledovaniya [The Law and the Law Enforcement in Russia: Interdisciplinary Research]. Moscow: Statut. (in Russian).
  • Danaher, P. (ed.) (1998) Beyond the ferris wheel, CQU Press, Rockhampton, Australia.
  • Nersesyants V. S. (ed.) (2004) Problemy obshchei teorii prava i gosudarstva[Problems of the General Theory of Law and the State]. Moscow, Norma. (in Russian).

Translated publications:

Sample of the source description: 

Author, A. A. (in transliteration) (Year of publication) Title (in italics, in transliteration), [Original name of the publication], in Translated by Translator, A. A., publisher, city, country. 

Surnames of authors and the title of the publication are usually published in origin in the translated publication. 

  • Valladares, A. (2005) Remeslo kopiraytinga[The Craft of Copywriting], Translated by Zhiltsov, S., Piter, St.-Petersburg, Russia.
  • Gallager, R. (1984) Metod konechnykh elementov. Osnovy[Finite Element Analysis. Fundamentals], Translated by Kartvelishvili, V. M., in Banichuk, N. V. (ed.), Nauka, Moscow, Russia.
  • Fuller, L. (1965) Moral' prava[The Morality of Law]. Translated from English by Danilova, T. (2016) Moscow, IRISEN. (In Russian).
  • Ehrlich, E. (1913) Osnovopolozhenie sotsiologii prava[Grundlegung der Sociologie des Rechts]. Translated from German by Antonov, M.V. (2011) Saint Petersburg, Universitetskii izdatel'skii konsortsium. (in Russian).

Articles in periodicals

In Russian

Sample of the source description: 

Author, A. A. (in transliteration) (Year of publication) Title translated into English, Transliterated name of periodical or English registreted name in italics, Volume number (Issue number, if any), page numbers of the article. (in Russian).

In foreign languages

Sample of the source description: 

Author, A. A. (Year of publication) Title, Name of periodical in italics, Volume number (Issue number, if any), page numbers of the article.

  • Polyakov, A.V. (2001) Pravogenes [The Genesis of the Law]. Pravovedeniye [Jurisprudence], (5), 216–234. (in Russian).
  • Bessant, J. (2001) “The question of public trust and the schooling system”, Australian Journal of Education, 45, August, 207–226.

Article with volume number and/or issue number: 

  • Nemytina, M.V. (2016) Situatsiya v rossiskom pravovedenii: sushchestvuyut li bazovye koncepty?[The Situation in Russian Jurisprudence: Is Basic Concepts Exist?]. RUDN Jour-nal of Law, 20 (2), 20–35. (in Russian). 
  • Tavis, L. (2002) Corporate Governance and the Global Social Void. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 35(2), 501–506.

Article from CD-ROM, electronic database or journal:

  • Skargren, E. I. and Oberg, B. (1998) “Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of low-back and neck pain in patients treated in primary care”, Pain[Electronic], 77 (2), 201–208, available at: Elsevier/ScienceDirect/ O304-3959(98)00101-8 (Accessed 8 February 1999).

Journal article: printed:

If the Russian-language article has the English title, and the journal has the English name:

  • Vasil'ev, V. I. (2015) Local Self Government on the Way to Centralization and Reduction of Electivity. Journal of Russian Law. (9), 149–161. (in Russian).

If the Russian-language article has no the English title, and the journal has no the English name:

  • Krasovskii, A. A. (1914) K reforme nashego grazhdanskogo protsessa [To the Reform of Russian Civil Process]. Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. (1), 27–66. (in Russian).
  • Janzen, G., & Hawlik, M. (2005) Orientierung im Raum: Befunde zu Entscheidungspunkten. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 213 (4), 179–186. (in German).
  • Norcross, F. (1910) Criminal Law Reform. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1 (3), 386–393.

If the journal has no volumes (without volumes): 

  • Vasil'ev, V. I. (2015) Local Self Government on the Way to Centralization and Reduction of Electivity. Journal of Russian Law. (9), 149–161. (in Russian).

With DOI: 

  • Lamond, G. (2014) Analogical Reasoning in the Common Law. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 34 (3), 567–588. Available from: doi:10.1093/ojls/gqu014.

Electronic journal articles:

  • Winkel, L. (2010) Forms of Imposed Protection in Legal History, Especially in Roman Law. Erasmus Law Review. 3 (2), 155–162. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1765/21274 [Accessed 20th January 2017].

Conference proceeding

In Russian

Sample of the source description: 

Author, A. A. (in transliteration) (Year of publication) Title (Translation in ""), Transliterated title of conference proceeding compedium in italics, [Name translated into English in square brackets], city, country, page numbers of the article. (in Russian).

In foreign languages

Sample of the source description: 

Author, A. A. (Year of publication) "Title", Title of the conference in italics, city, country, conference date, page numbers. 

  • Grafskiy, V.G. (2016) Sochetaniye iskusstva i nauki v pravoprimenenii: noviye smysly redko ob-suzhdayemoy traditsii[The Combination of Art and Science in Law Enforcement: New Senses of Rarely Discussed Tradition]. In: Grafsky, V.G. (ed.). Pravoprimeneniye kak iskusstvo i nauka: materialy desyatykh philosophsko-pravovykh chteniy pamyati akademika V.S. Nersesyantsa [Law Enforcement as Art and Science: the Materials of the Tenth Read-ings on Philosophy and Law in the Memory of Academician V.S. Nersesyants]. Moscow: Norma Publ., 11–18. (in Russian).
  • Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996) “Managing relationship quality”, QUIS5 Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad, 11–14.

Electronic sources

Sample of the source description: 

Author, A. A. (Year of publication) "Title", vailable at: full URL (Accessed DD.MM.YYYY). 

  • Dolgetti, A., & Ratti, G.B. (2011) Legal Disagreements and the Dual Nature of Law. Oxford Scho-larship Online [online]. Availiable at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199675517.001.0001/acprof-9780199675517-chapter-14 [Accessed March 8, 2018].
  • The official site of Dnepropetrovsk Regional State Administration (2011), “News of the region”, available at: http://adm.dp.ua/OBLADM/ obldp.nsf/archive/3E8?opendocument (Accessed 4 January 2011).
  • Young, C. (2001) English Heritage position statement on the Valletta Convention[Online], available at: http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/EHPostionStatement.htm (Accessed 4 August 2011).